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The military dictatorship of Chile () was an authoritarian military government that ruled Chile between 1973 and 1990. The dictatorship was established after the democratically elected government of Salvador Allende was overthrown by a CIA-backed coup d'état on 11 September 1973. The dictatorship was headed by a military junta presided by General Augusto Pinochet. The perceived breakdown of democracy and the economic crisis that took place during Allende's presidency were justifications used by the military to seize power. The dictatorship presented its mission as a "national reconstruction". The regime was characterized by the systematic suppression of political parties and the persecution of dissidents to an extent that was unprecedented in the history of Chile. Over-all, the regime left over 3,000 dead or missing, tortured thousands of prisoners, and forced 200,000 Chileans into exile. The dictatorship shaped much of modern Chile's political and economic life. Two years after its ascension it implemented radical neoliberal economic reforms in sharp contrast to Allende's leftist policies, advised by a team of free-market economists educated in American universities known as the Chicago Boys. Later, in 1980, the regime replaced the Constitution of 1925 with a new one crafted by regime collaborators. Pinochet's plans to remain in power were thwarted in 1988 when the regime admitted defeat in a referendum that opened the way for democracy to be reestablished in 1990. However, the regime took great care to ensure that the political and economic system it had created would remain unmodified. The regime also arranged for the military to be out of civilian control after the end of dictatorship.〔 ==Rise to power== (詳細はthree-way election, Chile was ruled by President Salvador Allende, the first democratically elected Marxist to become president of a Latin American country through open elections. The United States government actively attempted to destabilize the Allende government, with U.S. President Richard Nixon ordering extensive use of economic warfare for this purpose.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Chile and the United States: Declassified Documents Relating to the Military Coup, September 11, 1973 )〕 The Nixon administration also used the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to mount a major destabilization campaign. As the CIA revealed in 2000, "In the 1960s and the early 1970s, as part of the US Government policy to try to influence events in Chile, the CIA undertook specific covert action projects in Chile ... to discredit Marxist-leaning political leaders, especially Dr. Salvador Allende, and to strengthen and encourage their civilian and military opponents to prevent them from assuming power."〔(CIA Activities in Chile ). Central Intelligence Agency. September 18, 2000.〕 The CIA worked with right-wing Chilean politicians, military personnel, and journalists to undermine socialism in Chile.〔Gabriel Garcia Marquez. "(Why Allende had to die )". ''The New Statesman''. 3 April 2013.〕 On 15 April 1973, workers from the El Teniente mining camp had ceased working, demanding higher wages. The strike lasted 76 days and cost the government severely in lost revenues. One of the strikers, Luis Bravo Morales, was shot dead in Rancagua city. On June 29, the Blindados No. 2 tank regiment under the command of Colonel Roberto Souper, attacked La Moneda, Chile's presidential palace. Instigated by the anti-Marxist militia Patria y Libertad, the armoured cavalry soldiers hoped other units would be inspired to join them. Instead, armed units led by generals Carlos Prats and Augusto Pinochet quickly put down the coup attempt. In late July, 40,000 truckers, squeezed by price controls and rising costs, tied up transportation in a nationwide strike that lasted 37 days, costing the government US$6 million a day.〔''Historical Dictionary of Chile'', Salvatore Bizzarro, p. 34, Scarecrow Press, 2005〕 Two weeks before the coup, public dissatisfaction with rising prices and food shortages led to protests like the one at the Plaza de la Constitución which had been dispersed with tear gas.〔"(The Bloody End of a Marxist Dream )". ''Time Magazine''. 24 September 1973.〕 Allende also clashed with Chile's largest circulation newspaper ''El Mercurio''. Tax-evasion charges were trumped up against the newspaper and its director arrested.〔''Authoritarian Regimes in Latin America: Dictators, Despots, and Tyrants'', Paul H. Lewis, p. 204, Rowman & Littlefield, 2006〕 The Allende government found it impossible to control inflation, which grew to more than 300 percent by September,〔''Latin America in the Era of the Cuban Revolution'', Thomas C. Wright, p. 139, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001〕 further dividing Chileans over the Allende government and its policies. On August 22, 1973, the Chamber of Deputies passed, by a vote of 81 to 47, a resolution calling for President Allende to respect the constitution. The measure failed to obtain the two-thirds majority in the Senate constitutionally required to convict the president of abuse of power, but the resolution still represented a challenge to Allende's legitimacy. The military seized on the widespread discontent and on the Deputies' resolution to then launch the September 11, 1973 ''coup d'état''; as troops surrounded La Moneda Palace, Allende died later that day in uncertain and controversial circumstances. The military installed themselves in power as a Military Government Junta, composed of the heads of the Army, Navy, Air Force and Carabineros (police). Once the Junta was in power, General Augusto Pinochet soon consolidated his control over the government. Since he was the commander-in-chief of the oldest branch of the military forces (the Army), he was made the titular head of the junta, and soon after President of Chile. The coup received active support from the CIA, and once the ''junta'' had taken over, the United States immediately recognized the new regime and helped it consolidate power.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Military dictatorship of Chile (1973–90)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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